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Evolution at the Surface of Euclid: Elements of A Long Abbreviated Infinity In Motion Along Space

 

 

Marvin E. Kirsh 1

Kirsh2152000@yahoo.com

mkirsh@calstatela.edu

1 California State University Los Angeles Department of Anthropology

 

Keywords: energy form and surface,  The Elements of Euclid, science discourse and power, mind and  matter, the concept, vision audition and diffusion, conceptual and material assets


 

 

 

 

Abstract

 

  It is modernly debated whether application of the free will has potential to cause harm to nature. Power possessed to the discourse, sensory/perceptual, physical influences on life experience by the slow moving machinery of change is a viral element in the problems of civilization;  failed resolution of historical paradox involving mind and matter is a recurring source of  problems. Reference is taken from the writing of Euclid in which a oneness of nature as an indivisible point of thought is made prerequisite in criteria of interpretation to demonstrate that contemporary scientific methodologies alternately  ensue from the point of empirically centered induction. A qualification for conceptualizations is proposed that involves a physically describable form bound to energy in addition to contemporary notions of energy bound to form and a visually based mathematical-physical form is elaborated and discussed with respect to biological and natural processes.

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 Introduction

 

         “.This then is demonstrable, but it is an axiom that every  continuum is divisible; hence a finite line, being continuous, is divisible. This is the notion that the author of the Elements uses in bisecting the finite straight line, and not the assumption that it is divisible to infinity. That something is divisible and that it is divisible to infinity are not the same thing.”  (Morrow, 1970a).

 

         The philosophy of Logical  Positivism (Karnap, 1956)  of the twentieth century proposes as safe criteria for the validity of scientific theory an alignment of induced, philosophically found interpretation with empirical test. If real paths of natural progress are necessarily rendered from this methodology, it presumes either that a single unique path of nature exists, or that all paths established by empirical method  are relevant for direct focus in application to problems. The philosophy of Post Modernism (Greer, 2003) in a further addition  purports that truth is a creation  of path  and is not discovered. The philosophies of Logical Positivism and Post Modernism philosophies mutually rely strictly  on a notion that all trajectories possess an equal  qualitative and quantitative open direction for the future. Rorty (Tartaglia, 2007) has added the opinion that men are free to apply their free will to the elements of nature without fear that they can damage it.

   Though it can be argued that if a point of reference exists it is in open, perceived to be infinite space, that ‘infinite’ has qualitative meaning only and all open spaces are not equal; death may be considered to represent the closed state, obviously all entities do not have the same lifetime. The existence of any path entails  only relative degrees of openness, either a line or a circle, extrapolated  from its’ existence on plane (excuse the pun but paper is plain) paper to open space can be envisioned to represent varying degrees openness. It is obviously the discrete point of thought only that can be sufficiently and validly extrapolated from the plane of its’ existence to open space;  for potential validity, the intersection of intuitive induction and reality can be centered  only from the first and most enduring point of thought, of uniqueness, and identity possessed to  all of the elements of experience;  ‘oneness’ other than plurality must be the criteria must be of interpretation, other to deny identity as a criteria for existence, to deny existence. Euclid interpreted the circle a motion of the discrete point around a center to be the limit of all things. In this presentation, the circle is taken as a discrete point and an egg shaped space as a point of thought is evolved mathematically as a  motion of the circle along a straight divisible line that is meant to represent a maximally  open path. It is suggested that modern science methodologies, the philosophies of Logical Positivism and Post Modernism assume in point of thought other than the maximum open of a straight line, curved, or ultimately circularly  closed paths meant to encompass the notion of oneness as the point of thought in conceptualizations.  

 

Discussion

 

  It cannot be denied in argument that the concept ‘universe’ entails the concept ‘path’ and visa versa;   knowledge has a path, 'path’ entails both the concept of it and from perceptual reference, parametric specificity. There is no type of knowledge that can exclude a familiarity with living, living a familiarity with change which has no other means of communication than by the entailment of path. All concepts originate from the motions of interactions that again entail a temporal path. If the word ‘universe’ is restricted to mean all that which life experiences and the senses can refer; ‘path’ refers to the ‘universe’, ‘universe’ refers to ‘path. Remaining  to the imagination, at the borderlines between science and life experience, are still cases of path, of the universe as a statistical entity, or as a set of historical names-i.e. “a universe” or “The Universe”,” A path” or “The path”. A division of invention and nature  can be  witnessed  in the  Euclid’s creation of ‘The Elements” (Proclus, 1970):  Euclid’s dialogue, originating at the indivisible point of intersection of mathematics and philosophy, maintains the continuity of an infinite line that originates from an indivisible  point of philosophy and not mathematical invention, is given, almost by rule, to possess dividable connections from one element to the next as if fearing to tread into uncharted waters, not on points  of philosophical argument;    invention as substitute for the natural, as if profane, is avoided, the works of nature are  not considered works of art. Whether postmodern  philosophies  posit truth away from the  category  of unmasking, to the category of its’ creation, either the result of the application of impulse, ‘path ‘is ubiquitously entailed as either a path to its’ revelation, or to or from its’ creation: within the common perspective, either publicly, put to test is the body of scientific knowledge or in private its’ soul, i.e.-the means of rational comprehension of the happenstances from which the path towards tomorrow can proceed. The topic of change as a manifestation of power or as the power of manifestation has not escaped the active gaze of judgment of those who see to court it;  in doing so engender power itself to the same discourse that contains it (Foucault, 1977).

 

    In a universe postulated to be composed of  occurrences possessing a relative time for events that are contiguous within  given perspectives rather than a universe that possesses time as a counting clock that speaks as if relating to a unique, single, ubiquitous and contiguous process, logically referred  is the necessity for a witnessibility of events and a first person perspective for description: if description of both historical events and a scientific construction of the path of processes evolve from  a co-evolution of the physical and conceptual, temporal paralleling and subsequent aligning of the physical and conceptual occur upon the achievement of knowledge, then the conceptual and physical, memory and path, the immaterial and the material, respectively, are the effect of emerging path that is not describable with numerical constants, but change with the perspective dependant means of the elaboration of time. The universe, argued to be contained  in definition as the effect of change, can be descriptively embodied from a scientific viewpoint  as a perspective dependent  path of propagation at any point of witness referral in which unwitnessibile energy, becoming  witnessible matter  is attributed as a state of matter;  an unwitnessible difference  state of unwitnessible energy, becoming-witnessibile matter, is attributed as a  conceptual state.

    In this presentation, to encompass a form to the concept, a form for energy is derived and is added to modern conceptualizations that  in converse dwell singularly on an association of energy with form. The interactions of physical volumes of space can be envisioned to parallel the witness-pair dependant distribution of formed  concepts whose creation is also  a perspective dependent matter extended from the  proximal relations of volumes that form the environment:  if ‘the concept’ is conceived to be  included in universal description as a uniquely existing parallel to  uniquely existing  physical spaces, as in a  nominalists’ view of the world, it might be accommodated within a scientific framework if it is given the property of unwitnessibility; if the evolution of  witnessible sensory experience is held as the only criteria for the existence of volume appropriate to tangible witness, the existence of an unwitnessible sort of volume/energy-state  can emerge from the point of witness perspective in which its’ characterization involves an unwitnessible displacement of some sort that reflects a difference ratio of appropriate energies that characterize physical phenomenon (i.e. the concept of color can be taken to be the result of a synergy of energies of proximal radiations of various colors). ‘The concept’  is  thus a ubiquitous property of all spaces, is   related to both the internal energetic motions associated scientifically with the life process, physical motion of the entity, processes of particular environments, to a common process that underlies the physiological, cognitive, environmental, and directly witnessible kinetic  motion  of witnesses . A relative arc length of an angle occupied in the field of witness-pair relations can  be used to lend temporal priorities to concepts that are dependent on the parameters of a situation. (Figure 3). Combined  physical and conceptual reality is  attributed to  a dynamic state involving the intersection of their proximally inherited associated states. Language as the sum of learned/acquired  conceptual states  is the cumulative composite  of a dynamically changing plurality of angles of arcs  that are actively organized into hierarchies of priorities whose order in terms of appropriate application are dependent on the particulars of the witness-environment encounter and association. The concept is construed to  possess more of  an absolute value than environmental energy parameters conversely  drawn from a slower rate of  change, constant state of the perceived environment, and reflects  a scale of  magnitudes of importance in relation to other concepts that in turn is a  creation  of the particulars of surface terrains that contains the witness event. Ideation of an  extrapolated combined  structure and  function of processes within the  physical environment  from heterogeneous volumes within heterogeneous volumes, combined with or derived from a  functional set of concepts, sharing the same ontology with components of structure or function, is necessarily dependent on witness encounter with other witness and/or with a common environment to both, must necessarily bear the condition that all witness can be ascribed to the existence of a commonality with nature, a oneness, identity as a necessity for witness and cognitive interpretation. Capture of combined elements of structure and function to the particulars of given setting is not considered to be a practical possibility, though  temporal processes  are  postulated to entail, regardless of the potential existence of a common universal origin, at least the existence of a common element from which the descent of energy has occurred, i.e. an inheritance by proximity in which all relations are enabled by a  process of familiarity. Uniqueness of the elements of nature entails a force of self avoidance that is modulated by contrast; the self, not different from the self, possess  greatest familiarity, least difference and greatest compatibility,   sharing of physical and conceptual elements from within a total set of the same, a  capability for mutual witness.

      Employing mirrors the self cannot witness itself simultaneously in its’ own reflection and a reflection of its’ reflection but in very immediate proximity to both mirroring surfaces, within close  range to surfaces that are the consequence of forces that act to maintain an integrity of the entity. It is supposed that it at this intersection that life, volume, physical form is birthed to function as an obstruction to the death of an energy of creation in a process of  avoidance, negative selection against loss, rather than from positive forces oriented towards the direction of life, growth towards the open. It might be speculated that the branches of a tree grown from its’ seed might never align in a parallel fashion: the connected branches of a growing  tree, derived from a  common physical spatial-temporal element, in opposition to a tree of evolution or discrete parallel aligned association of living entities, alignment in parallel arrangements entails circular, closed path  that precludes time and diversity within the depth and breadth of its’ branches and  roots, negates the prospect of  its’ growth and development; parallel physical lines of growth , postulated not to intersect anywhere in space, might not  produce the connected branched structure of tree, the potential for the emergence of obstruction effected by threat of simultaneous multiple self witness at great distances logically could not occur.  

    Descending from a common containing volume, the conceptual and the physical together have an independent  relation to it. Though not all species are observed with the capacity for cognition, it is proposed that the concept has a universal nature that is  independent of the human capacity for thought and a specific character that  is a parametric property  of (becoming closed) spaces that is transmitted temporally to a constantly becoming set of opening, closing  heterogeneous spaces. It is in this sense that it is thought  that the ‘ether’ postulated as an entity in the physical sciences as a the substrate for the propagation of  light, can be substituted with the notion of ‘the concept’. A world construed as a construct of need and symbolism and an atemporal process of mirroring is proposed as a sufficient universal conceptual outline suited to account for all explanation; it is composed of an interchangeable, between energy and matter, physical  form, of memory as  states of energy-matter that  establish  relative endurances of structure that is necessarily reflected from tangible factors related to familiarity that is  present in different degrees and is possessed to all of the species of an environment, whether or not  cognitively able, living, inert.   Symbolism reflected from  need to avoid loss of identity, death,  that occurs from a loss of energy embodied to maintain it, might suffice to inclusively account for all energy metabolism that is inclusive and pertinent to the first perspective, to the set of all first perspectives.  

     In this model, open space as volume is not taken to be  absolute parametrically, but relative to the event of witness such that totals are construed to be a facet of total available witness and is not absolute; in the absence of witness a volume can be construed not to exist, the total volumes pertinent to the earth can be reduced in definition to those volumes that  are witnessible to pertinently associating agents associated with the earth.  

     A  volume of space can  be attributed an identity as a synergy modulated by the interaction of individual volumes: a parallel can be made to the cultural trait conceived  as  conceptual  volumes,  either witnessed physical/natural volumes or cultural traits are given a relative empirical nature related by relevant and necessary witnessibility to establish sets of ratios of single traits to wholes and related to construed survival priorities. The dimensions of a ‘road sign’  can have a similar dimension in magnitude to the road itself, can be traveled upon and thought of as a road though maybe existing  as only  signs  representing superfluous  branches of processes that bear real and actual significance: ‘road’ or ‘tree’ as description has no implied dimensions  though  by deception from inductive reasoning  be  given them ;   the designation Hiway One or an angle of bend to a ray of light, the velocity of a light beam, has no numerical content that can belong to conceptual frames; the numbering system describes rather than undergoes, as a physical road or path , emergence. Parametric volume thus is not only dependant on measurement with (relative) standards but on the importance of particular volumes to survival, on their relation to witness as discrete points falsely included to conceptual and not physical (tree) structures, to other than volumes where distinct common multiple self witness has resulted in birth of the self, is localized to the physical self and  obstructed in long projection  to reside in  closed geometrical areas;  the self, the environmental niche, the earth can be viewed distinctly, each with varying ranges of potential simultaneous multiple self witness as described.   

 Though relative  physical size attributed in this manner to material objects may escape logic, it is construed  to be real and applicable, observation and measurement is ubiquitously contained to the facets of the physical and conceptual, to the acts of witness   that occur meaning based on need in denominations associated with witnessibility; it  entails time as an abstraction only as a measure that is relative to the experience and history of the path accumulated to the life time of  engaged witnesses and empirical facts  of their association.

 

 This model appears suitable to accommodate all description:

1)      The genetic material DNA, its’ arrangement into chromosomes can be considered to be the effect of energy matter conversion resulting in “physical pieces of energized path”-i.e. DNA. The existence of genes, the genetic code as a facet of their life time ratios to whole structures and is related to the volumes of entities and associated processes. The presence of uracil in RNA rather than DNA can be viewed as a natural evolution of an energy possessing  physical divide between the contemporary self witnessing components of the cytoplasm and the long life time of inherited structure to the genetic material in the nucleus, as the simultaneous birth of a form to energy from  physical obstruction to threat of the loss of energy bound to form.  Biological identity is occurred from a path of energy approaching multiple perspectives capable of  multiple  self witness.  A complex spinning machine is envisioned to be entailed that can be accounted  for by processes of  negative selection against loss of identity death, the closing of spaces.

 

2)      In the physical sciences it might not be said that a measured value for the velocity of light can have coherent meaning if it is not referred to both the measurer, i.e. mankind, the human species, and the light measured; the witness pair man-light is not the same as the witness pair dog-light, or light-mankind, light-dog, Albert Einstein (1986) and reflected light or  Max Weber (2005) (who was not a scientist) and reflected light.

 

3)      Cultural evolution, cultural concepts that have come about from sensory experience of the witnessible physical environment (Clifford, 1922, Fortes and Evans-Pritchard, 1940, Bourdieu, 1977, Sachs, 1982, Strathern, 1990, Marcus and Fisher, 1999, Geertz, 1963, Harris, 1979)  can be related similarly as  paths arisen from  processes modulated by familiarity as the  primary criteria for evolved  behavior;  cultural traits as a range of, scaled based on prominence, ratios of individual traits to established  total culture  specific compositions..  .

 

4)      Economic systems and their aspects can be  described with respect to witness, witnessibility as the  basis of  criteria for  estimations of potential value as an emergence from the possibility of conversion of accruing conceptual capital assets to material assets. A universal form as the agent of a natural economic balance can be derived strictly from criteria of physical existence and is dually both a geometrical form possessed to energy and  a physical shape of both biological and inert spaces, can be elaborated fro notions of  constraints to spaces as necessity for their existence.

 

     If the total of external physical volume pertinent to activities of mankind changes with population statistics, size, geographical distribution, it is not possible to speculate that space exists as a fixed entity, but is dependent on the  variables of  witness. If the volume of space is effectively variable with respect to time, age and state of a witnessing population, all existing subset volumes may be  considered to be parametrically variable for effective description; historical interpretation may be plausible only when ratios relating the observer to the observed entail the same library of concepts that has remained pertinent over generations, i.e. if the same family and environment is relatively unchanged with time; homo sapiens and the earth, maintained as topics over the interval of comparison can be validly assumed to possess a qualitative relatedness  in categories employed to establish correspondences for comparisons.

      In analogy to the geometrical renditions of Euclid, in which the parallel situation of straight lines cannot be contained to mathematical proof (Euclid’s Parallel Postulate) it might be speculated that a valid continuity of  identity of  earth-mankind or earth-biosphere might exist if it is assumed without proof that identity of all entities and concepts involved in witness relations, both past and present,  descend from a commonly existing  intersection to a common and similarly contiguous containing element, i.e.-identity  continues from the indivisible point(s) of witness, environmentally modulated, propagated  witness relations  as a divisible line that extends towards the parameter bearing temporal intersection, situation, and is strictly conceptual/philosophical  in nature to define  permissive intercourses and their plausible continuances, delineates compatibilities from a range of emerged/emerging familiarities for all intercourses from which the generation of new combinations and diversities emerge: Interpretable meaning given to ancient written creations  might be held as evidence of this possibility.  Within associations drawn from hand written communications,  true parallel lines, indicating nonexistent/false  correlations are postulated never to exist if a relationship is established, non parallels are similarly  postulate as witness involving the past is not available. The hand is left grasping to a temporal motion of the indivisible point as it defines a punctuated infinity, as the only evidence of existence, all else failing as a fact of the simultaneous possession of , incommensurate with one another,  measurability and non witnessibility  It might be considered to be profane to take as evidence for existence that which is measureable and at the same time unwitnessible as easily as might be construed to be profane to base truth on invention constructed of additions to form wholes. 

      It might be speculated that the earth or solar system , possessing a finite life time  is the result of the uniting of  branches of  processes as  the consequence of a fitting together of separately evolved structures upon the invasion of spaces that had migrated into proximity from within a described  geometrical area. The continents are thought to have rearranged physically over longtime intervals (Becker, 2010),  certain simple linear migrations  occur to the earths’ core. (Alboussière et.al 2010). The human brain might be speculated to have arisen similarly, as the consequence of motions, diffusion and uniting by proximity of  physical elements or branches of processes that are distinct, physically separate, hence  parallel to one another to result in a structure with depleted olfaction ability and a second olfaction, cognition,  the consequence of  necessarily occurred physical restriction to distal simultaneous multiple self reflection witness events. If the nature of the concept, thought or cognition is construed as a process similar to the physical process of diffusion, in light of an appearing lack of evidence to establish a physical evolutionary path of connections for the evolutionary rearrangement of the head and cranial  vault, especially reduced prominence of olfactory abilities in H. Sapiens in comparison with other species, certain facts might emerge with respect to the respect to the evolution of cognition. When the nature of evidences from the fossil record are considered, all aspects, without exception, including the nature of formation of fossils, the conditions required for their formation, locations of their discovery related to land upheavals as the source of weather related changes in ecologies, the means of extrapolating weather data from distant ocean sedimentations, speculation of migration of land areas, controversy involving Out of Africa and Multi-regional  routes to present states (Johanson, 2001) arrangements suggesting diffusion of elements to produce new combinations are plausible, unearthed evidences may be logically confined to possibilities involving the presence of conditions amenable to diffusion processes that are necessary to preserve records. It is perhaps due to a similarity of the nature of cognition and olfaction, that  researchers are logically obstructed from unearthing evidences to support direct physical chains of cause and effect; cognition abilities are endowed from the very occurrences under pursuit, at best only profuse physical evidence is available for the reflective postulation.. In less rational or less scientific, though not profane description, as no tangible connection is made in numerical order from the invented to the conceptual,  mankind might be speculated to have diffused into existence in a descent from the physically existing location tree (i.e. point of beginning). It is interesting that the evolutionary species tree discussed above, lacking totally cognitive ability, depends for reproduction, on  random  physical dispersement,  likened to diffusion of elements, for the  intercourse of  seeds. In Euclids’ writing  the indivisible point, envisioned to the end of a divisible line,  has no continuity with other points, it exists alone  and is not considered to be a contiguous part of something else, e.g. a line  that is divisible. (Morrow, 1970).

    It is from the indivisible point, the concept of physical connection (i.e. the tree structure)  and the concept of diffusion (i.e. the concept itself) that parallels can be constructed between the frustrations of civilization, the diffuse power possessed to dialogue in the processes of planning and change and efforts to understand nature and the world in a rational manner. Obstructed by the self, in the act of perceiving both the tree and the sky as open, the sky with greater physical room, in response to intrusion to their spaces, men simultaneously, symbolically  push themselves from ‘the  tree’, a symbol of cause and effect, the scientific, rational place, point from where they are supposed to have descended, and causing witnessible physical damage to nature, pursue  injuring concepts, themselves indestructible, with aggression that has, as a door stop  necessarily beyond  witness, ‘the concept’ itself obstructed  by the concept of self as it has become structured within relations peculiar to the culture of the individual. Volume is here recreated to refer synergistically to emerged  parameters of  unique common loci that possess conceptual identity in however many relations of witness that may refer to them.

      The bumble bee, necessary to all humans is reported close to becoming extinct (Latsch, 2007). In this discussion the volume of the bumble bee is not a grossly estimated 2 or so cc (cubic centimeters) that can be  measured physically, but a 2 cc volume that is distributable throughout the entire human race ( the survival of the bee affects the survival of every human) as a single volume that is adjusted by a ratio that reflects it’s priority in a set containing all enumeratable  volumes that are likewise  pertinent to the members of a culture that refer to them. For instance, if the number of volumes pertinent to all men is inclusively 23,256 and the bumble is rank # 2 in order of actual  prominence to survival then its’ effective  volume would be adjusted, regardless of actual physical measurements, to  23,255/23,256  X 2 cc=  1.999914 cc. If the extinction of the bee is the result of an act of genetic tampering, involving the employment of an actual measured volume of 2 cc, the  hands of the researcher upon the genetics of the bee reduced the real volume of space occupied by the bee to the effective difference  of 1.999914 cc – 2.0 cc=-.000086 cc of lost environmental space per existing bee for each bee lost. If a randomly estimated100 trillion bees become extinct :

   0.000086 X 10^14 = 8.6 X 10^6  m^3 of volume becomes absent from the world

If  the volume of a  man is 1.6 m^3 (~ 2 X 2  X .4 ) m^3 and 1 trillion men exist

                                   = 1.6 X 10^12 m^3  of total  volume of man

each mans effective volume will be reduced to (an unwitnessible, unmeasureable)

                                       (1.6 X 10^12  - 8.6 X 10^6)/10^12=1.5999914 m^3

                                   = -00.0005375% reduction in the volume of men

 

    It  might be postulated that the loss of the bumble bee  is occurred from an  autoimmunity problem of the same nature that is witnessed to be lived out in the actions of a consented  asceticism supported by binding repressing obstruction to the conceptual natural self in which capitalistic enterprises result in natural abuses that in turn had prompted the research in molecular genetics that enabled the tampering with the genetics of the bumble bee in order to preserve a farmed species for cultivation that is lesser in priority for survival. This cycle of the willful transmission of the form of an occurred impulse, profane to rest its’ case strictly on invention by means of induced points of destructibility based on  connections made by a physical  geometry adapted to the ideal free floating figure,  can beinterpreted to reflect an evolving  cognitive blindness to the  possible existence and nature of possible  (unwitnessed, unnoticed) events as the instigators of self defeating behavior. It is not logically excludable, if logically arguable, that  historical paths of  behavior might  be traceable  to other than diffuse phenomenon protracted externally occurred impulse from nature: false attribution of elements  to  conceptual categories in renditions of nature  arises to produce theory that bears false assumption and connection  of observed facts  to concept.

      The path of a process may be but the consequence of the paths of other distinct process that are calling the play and may be inconsequential to understanding of the self and the spaces it occupies. In this interpretation it is interesting to note that roots of self defeating behavior, i.e. physical impulse from a pathological nature,  possess no active voice in discourses and  present a tangible obstacle to the expression and realization of appropriate social spaces with which to work resolutions. . An existing, imposed  vicious cycle arrived from frustration to contain observation and experience to theory, then motivates group efforts, frustrated for explanation, to unearth a paradox of the material and philosophical, of mind and matter, in a flurry of scientific, medical investigations, yet with the focusing eye upon the same means and tools employed from which  problems came to existence. A potentially preexisting   autoimmune deficiency that expresses itself as an invasion of natural, personal spaces,  from  which evolved incentive and means for the elaborated genetics of the crop pollinated by the bumble bee became the subject of manipulation, functions to obstruct efforts towards resolution.  Western methods of reduction and repetitive division, to expose conceptual divides that in older societies are  assimilated symbolically to natural order,   in each case allude to the application of impulse to control as a resolution for inflicted natural suffering. A failed ethic assuming either the form a lack of direct individual ethics with regards to the rights of others, or the lack of a natural ethic that refers both to the individual and nature appears to exist in volatile accculturization process in which a trait involving the application of impulse to effect natural change is prominent and possess no door stop to challenges to nature.    

   These kind of formulations in physical models that are mechanically ruled from existence, men made to be machines in the same manner that a comprehensive understanding of nature can be conjectured for learning from  its’ isolated parts, at the same time to include and exclude in temporal order self and space obstructing inductive reasoning, as simply as volume of spaces can be over estimated or sheared from existence as  in the given example of the bumble bee potentially  result in  cultures so modified by intrusion, that actual problems become buried beneath a predefined mechanical breath of observation in a mode of operation involving  the enormous consumption of resources  at the ubiquitous border of conflict, at the intersection of the  rational and the spiritual/religious.  Observed etiologies involving a different cultural symbolisms based either on a prominence of discovered structure verses function, the energy invested towards inherited structure verses energy invested metabolically might be construed  to refer to a common autoimmune problem.  . It is possible to speculate that an auto immune deficiency  related to the ingestion of self, cannibalism exists. A potential gene spread throughout mankind, associated with cannibalism, has been reported (Roach,2003).

 

         A situation for a universe that pretends the universe to be only what is witnessed or experienced, that mirrors the situations known to civilization and history, rather than from theory relating  distinctly held linearly renderable chains of cause and effect leading to the assembly of life from the inert, appears to have been excluded. It is interesting that it has recently been observed  that chromatin carrying the genetic material in cells contract rather than expand on pulling (Fulcronis, 2006); if an agent were to grasp a human arm and pull on it the expected response might not be to extend it but to retract it.

        A philosophy to parallel the  human situation, ‘the circumstance’  must be non spectacular not to engage the silent spectator but to account for him. Though it maybe that matter, volume, space, are always in the process of being created in the niche and perspective of the first person, regardless of the identity given the agent(s) responsible (which non-the-less can only be the same as what is created as it is all that is present ), the verbs ‘created’, or ‘discovered’ employed by either the Post Modernists, Logical Positivists, or the rational scientist, bear innately an association of the meaning of truth with action, necessarily entail the application of power/force to the elements  in a philosophically incompletely addressed path; argument over intelligent design theories between the creationists and the scientist who bears  self created intelligent designs that are blind to the potential existence of spaces that include it’s own symbolisms, are likely to produce only the domination of a philosophy purporting the employment of a logically complicated and empirically supported  view of a world that is physical impulse dictated over a more existentially accepting  view, a battle over the existence of god, a spiritual lifting from within verses frustration in more complex argument evolved from an inability to overcome gravity, to  claim aggressively within a light of the professed  and philosophically predicted absence of witnessibility of a gravitation-less control for study. The struggle to argue intelligent design verses evolution is difficult to conceive without the involvement of twisted, falsely based criteria in arguments. If the study of self-unkind man is structured from a perspective in which the study of anthropology has the property of self belonging (Kirsh, 2009, 2010), if the act of studying mankind belongs to a set described as mankind, then so do activities of self-unkind mankind to a set “self-unkind mankind”  to the same self belonging set ‘nature’ as the set of unique volumes that are necessarily reflected contradictorily in the latter as a ubiquitous and universal  unkindness of nature, simultaneously referring to both an unknown and an unkind physical volume that threatens beyond the ability of the senses to know of it and the whole physical volume of nature of which both man and the world are mutually constructed.

        Entailed within all these described gears is the need for a revised scientific approach that is silent, visual, in the wake of a vast blindness that currently occupies steering mechanisms. A single  action of replacing the conceptually heterogeneous  entity of time, with the unwitnessible entity the mirror as the generator of  form of  is presupposed, less in a search for the dark and silent, only the dark results.

 

     If it is possible to construct descriptive properties of  path from path bearing witness testimony, it should necessarily include an accounting of  a necessarily existing unwitnessible, hence, unknowable containing element as the  influential agent of criteria of description of both all of the  contained physical path and associated ensued path of concepts. A suitable representation is proposed that is  accomplished  from  geometrical representations that elaborate  path in terms of a radius that is construed from a moving circular radius composed of parameters of the two kinds of important energies  known , from the slow observable motions of matter and fast, either observable only with respect to a consequence effected on the former, or unobservable as the path possessing agent responsible for the becoming contours of the physical environment from which conceptual structure is evolved. In a further conceptual step arrived strictly from philosophical considerations, the unwitnessible path of the concept can be given existence as a displacement, a difference state, arrived from physical proximity of unwitnessible states of energy-becoming-matter. Figure 1 illustrates an oval as a generating template for the construction of physical volume from fast and slow velocities of motion; becoming matter is defined by a change in the velocity of light emitted from a moving plane along a line of reference. Figure 2 shows an egg shape  that is generated from the oval template in Figure 1 employing a combined expression for energy from  Einstein’s special theory of relativity and Newton’s laws’ of motion to calculate a radius.

 

       E/m=v^2/2 + c^2         c=variable velocity of light v=velocity of motion E/m= ratio

                                                 of energy to mass

       Volume is related in symbolism  as  (slow) X (fast) X (fast) =(Δc Δv Δv)/time^3

       Δ(c-Δc) (unmeasureable and unwitnessible) is ultimately related with the concept as

                                               A difference in system state over time

 

   The witness pair is construed to necessarily be always  present within the  relationship of emission and reflection, the egg shape as the limiting form  results from the conversion of the energy of emission to mass  The resultant egg form illustrates the  naturally existing situation in which the tangible world is given motion to existence and  requires that the orders of magnitude of change are interpreted to distance with the conceptual element of time, existing as a perspective dependent state variable determined by location dependent factors associated with events  is replaced  by a mirror acting between associating witness points. In the graphing situation periods of pi + 1 *10^17 revolutions are required before visual witness of the egg can be realized. The required presence of pi is interpreted to indicate closure of the whole surface  that  has no geometrical center  (other than the line (∆v + 2*∆c)  and is the product of coordinates of sine and cosine such that a closed surface is not represented but from a coincidence of parameters of plot path, sign and periods of revolution. The large numbers of periods of revolution are construed to represent a relatively simple, in light of the complexities that are entailed, but vast temporal period required for the accomplishment of physical nature. In a test of graphing parameters, the egg shapes’ general, overall appearance is variable dependant on input parameters (not shown). The golden number or similar ratios representable with numerical square roots and trigonometric values combined, result with similar but different structures  that can approach to be indistinguishable from a true sphere, but still lack a mathematical center point. The egg, constructed of witnessible slow motion and unwitnessible fast energy propagation is  presented as an elemental  shape for space, suggesting that the shape of the ordinary egg, arrived from the maximally open  straight line (i.e. Δv + 2 Δc)  rather than a curve or circle represents a structure that has the maximum  lifetime;  the egg shape  presented is employed to function conceptually as a bridge between conceptual, philosophical and material reality, as a concept that can be related to  physical existence in an extended analogy to the circle of Euclid, adding a philosophy of motion  to his geometrical rendition of connections and attachments of  lines and planes. In a parallel to the translation by Proclus  describing  Euclid to construe the circle to be composed of indivisible points rather than a  divisible line, the egg is viewed as the limit of the sphere (circle) , i.e.- the sphere and hence the egg is the circle possessed with breadth and depth:

 

“ One might think that, although both the straight line and the circle are simple lines, the straight line is simpler. For it contains not even any dissimilarity in thought, whereas concavity and convexity in the circle indicate difference; and the straight line does not suggest the circle, whereas the circular line does bring to mind the idea of the straight line, if not through its’ mode of generation, at least by its’ relation to a center . What then if someone should say that the circle needs the straight line for its’ existence? For if one end of a finite line remains stationary and the other moves, it will describe a circle whose center is the stationary extremity of the straight line. Should we not reply that what describes the circle is not the line, but the point that moves around the stationery point….It appears that the circular line belongs with the limit and has the relation to other lines that the limit has to all things…the circle alone is limited and makes a figure, whereas the straight line belongs with the Unlimited and can be projected indefinitely without end  (Morrow 1970b).

 

   The 3-D egg is viewed to be indivisible as the circle is to the center point and motion that compose it; as it originates from the philosophical, e.g.,  motion of the point engaged in motion to define the circle, along a center line to lend  it form as a fact of motion of  indivisible points (spheres) that define it; the egg  is construed from a single linear motion. The path from the conceptual to the geometrical egg, as the path of philosophy to geometry is  unidirectional to proceed from philosophical point towards the physical world. It is motion, beginning from the indivisible point of motion contained to a thought, in a movement towards the elaboration of witnessible form that is the theme. At the point of departure from the philosophical towards the physical, efforts towards the accomplishment of a concept and definition of time, not only  intuitively occupying, necessarily occupying space and time in a description of space and time are unobstructed by the self that is composed in its’ elements of the same, mold activities involved in the occupation of physical space,  are in correct conceptual order, philosophical form precedes  physical form. Hopefully, an interval of creation, represented within a process involving the making of lines on drawing paper, the interval of time in its’ simplest form is envisioned.

       The rectangular table I am writing at is filled with boxes, within boxes, spaces that ultimately do not have the form of the box that is intentionally molded by impulse of hand or machine into the construction of the table and  bear only in common the possession of a geometrical form that has both a physical and abstracted nature. A truth exists of the interval of the writing of lines or words upon paper that rests on the table; for truth, the action of writing lines, the path created in the interval of writing cannot deviate far not to match those of the creation of life paths and reflections from which our learning and concepts are evolved. If space is assumed to be representable by a shape, as in the geometry and divisions attributed to the square table, though universally more round than the square, persistence with square figures in representation and interpretation of situations can make, a hard to see from historical actualities, spectacle of the propensity of the human hand to draw rough edges to continuous curves or visa-versa, a false spectacle of  testimony that is enabled correspondingly to unknowingly trim fact from surfaces as easily as a criminal is born to seek to cut corners within  a frustrated situation.

 

   And thus we must think of the plane as projected and lying before our eyes and the understanding as writing everything upon it, the imagination becoming something like a plane mirror to which the ideas of the understanding send down impressions of themselves. (Morrow 1970c).

 

    It is thus that philosophical struggles with ideas of  structure and function, obstructed in range by the always present self, as in methods to elaborate cultural evolution can be envisioned to never fall together for  witness in a combined fashion to account for specifics in the passage of time; the time elapsed to the individual in the rendition of form, is a creation, synthesis, of the new that has, as unacomplishable boundaries for creative cognitive description of situations  , an absolute shape of space as linit that includes the self within  the irregular dynamic intercoursing, containing and contained  spaces  of the  individual and the physical elements of the environment; faithfulness towards philosophical truth cannot begin from the tangibly witnessed  physical space with the employment of lines of cause and effect to render explanation; if a monism exists to the elements of nature it might be suspected to  a hidden conceptual shape as it should bear in form content inclusively referring to the witnessible, the unwitnessible, and the unwitnessed. In this respect  a strong relation of observation to the unwitnessed and unwitnessible that is characteristics of both diffusion processes and cognitive reflection as it is proposed to have evolved from and  necessarily reflects diffusion  processes, is demonstrated. The actual plot path of the egg surface from the ordered equation is very irregular, in application to the environment entails the inclusion of both the unwitnessed and unwitnessible. The addition of a philosophy of motion in interpretation, occurs in a  manner in which  the empirical is interpreted  as but a testimony to the philosophical, in an analogy that does  not strictly or necessarily align with indiscriminately induced empirically centered, self obstructed  points to produce  self defining artifactual productions that result from the application of willed impulse that necessarily selects against loss of self, but with independently found philosophical  form;  eggs in nature are neither  free floating forms nor necessarily physically attached to their generators, but are bound in their creation, in the same manner as Ancient philosophers and mathematicians confined applications to witnessible intersections, to architecture, military etc., to the elements of the path of circumstance.

     It is proposed that little can be gained from the rational tampering with the development of the species but to change the forces that are associated with natural form that  already occupies available spaces. Nature is inferred to behave strictly in a living out manner and to follow a simple logic to effect organization that is witnessed as the  propagation, necessarily both of  a form bound to energy and  energy bound to a form, is not so readily visible within temporally constructed chains of cause and effect from which the laws of the energy of processes are deduced.

 

Figure 1 (here)

 

Figure 2  (here)

    

     Nature viewed as the intercourse, invasion of  one by the other of independent, varing and diverse, self referring  evolving  systems of structure and function to produce more of the same, produces the historical intercourse, the ‘situation’ that bears a common ontology with itself.

 

      …for the One is the measure of all things. So also in geometry the solid is bounded by the surface, the surface in turn by the line, and the line by the point, for the point is the limit of them all. In the realm of immaterial forms and partless ideas the line, being uniform in its’ forthgoing, bounds and contains the varied activity of the surface and immediately unifies its’ boundlessness, while in the realm of their [sensible] likenesses, the limiting factor belongs to the very thing that is limited and in this way furnishes it with boundary. (Morrow 1970d).

 

      As  testimony to deception, confusion and coincidence involving physical form verses conceptual form, it may be that as Karl Marx (Tucker, 1978) related  that men are unhappy as wage earners in a self defining situation that is secondary in relationship to  a naturally defining nature, it seems  more than seeking its’ resources, seek to capture it to conquer it as if it had some mysterious hold over them. Possessing a synergy of the conceptual and physical, nature  strikes life experience with two thorns when the conceptual and physical become confused, i.e. the testable paths of  cause and effect are confused with observation of the tree like nature  of life and evolution and come to be reduced together  into a single  concept rather than as concept and its’ second in nature subset, the physical. It is also important to note that cosmological views in which birth precedes death lend alternate perceptions and renditions of nature, natural history and human history , human behavior, than the reverse concept of death preceding birth. Most scientific theorizations struggle conceptually from a perspective involving the lifetime of the individual as it proceeds from birth towards death; this is especially prominent in theorizations of a big bang universal origin and theories of evolution in which accounting is attempted with respect to  thermodynamics, explanation of the evolution of life  as an assembly from inert matter. It is of  interest that visual representation is accomplished by the brain from the input of metabolic energy to a negative image to produce a positive image. All of nature at any perspective appears to work this way, is possessed with the self as an obstruction, a divide of inside and out, the received, the emitted and  reflected. Conceptualization of a universe that had arisen from failed neutralization  of energy is not reflexively accomplishable from rational applications to witness experience. It is the accumulation of path to events, as the event itself,  that is important (Kirsh, 2010).

       False philosophical ordering, from observation plagued with problems involving  obstruction by the self, a potential   inflating agent of unwitnessible volumes of space and deflating agent of natural room afforded to the individual, has a profound bearing on the path of activities as they reflect  needs, symbolisms and  interactions  that arise more truthfully from a point of a philosophical breath, is represented  by a  motion given to a geometry of connections and intersections to render physical form that entails rather than excludes  the breath of individual.

 

          “Thus the divine Plato said that geometry is the study of planes and contrasted it with stereometry as if he thought surface and plane were the same thing. Likewise also the inspired Aristotle. But Euclid and his successors make the surface the genus and the plane a species of it, as the straight line is a species of line.”  ….”For the straight line, he says is equal to the interval that lies between its’ two points and the plane likewise….” (Morrow, 1970e)

 

Figure 3 (here)

 

     A prominent  resemblance exists between the presented scheme and described  molecular biological mechanisms for processes involved in DNA, RNA  and protein metabolism.  In contemporary theory, a rolling interaction along a linear surface, DNA or RNA, by egg shaped complexes  in the cells interior, are observed in processes of replication, transcription, and translation  to render new structure, to either copy DNA, transcribe RNA or translate protein. A model for the cell and its’ machinery, as an arrived circumstance by proximal associations involving  temporally modulated inheritance, is considered.

     A tempo of events in the micro scale, where it can be assumed that the spaces around entities are experienced as open until death, is given as explanation for structure and function in processes that perhaps can serve as a general  example of all processes, but with fewer agents  and confined to reduced temporal/physical spaces. Within the relatively limited size of cells, oscillations and fluctuations occurring normally with vast diversity  are correspondingly reduced as is evidenced to the existence of a four letter genetic code that reads three letters at a time, or to a difference between an RNA possessing cytoplasm and a DNA possessing nucleus with respect to the presence or absence of uracil in genetic material. It is possible to envision a  birth of life that is arrived from a necessary breaking of velocities of energy to avoid  simultaneous multiple self witness,  to birth matter that acts as a physical obstruction to the annihilation of energy from the accomplishment of a complete path. In analogy, simultaneous witness of the self to its’ reflection and to itself within a reflection of self, as mentioned above is possible in ordinary experience to occur only within a very limited range of dimensions in relation to dimension of the self. The self can be simultaneously observed in its’ reflection in a mirror and in a second mirror reflecting the first only when both mirrors are held in close range.   In this scheme, prexsisting conceptual form and  aspects of witnessibility and its’ obstruction are the causative agents in the emergence of energy possessed to material form

   In an imaginary vessel it is possible to envision the evolution of a molecular zipper from temporal processes that are on the order of factions of  light velocities. During a process happening in a miniscule  temporal range, and proposed to occur along a vast  mirror represented as an inversion of inside and out, such as a mobias strip that has a twist in its’ surface, in an a process of rapidly occurring  change, mirroring actions across the surface,  it might be proposed that obstruction of neutralized-fated energies pending disaster results in the emergence of physical species with temporal dependent  varying degrees of relative twist in which  points of emergence with respect to  time of emergence determine the degree of twist, amount of  energy with respect to its’ absence in strictly flat surfaces, of emerged species and their fitting together. The mirror symmetry and twist to the uracil molecule serves as a primary example.  It might be further postulated  that witness events, occurring distinctly, one at a time  between pairs of witnesses during the breaking process, each yield a third, witness obstructed species, that serves  to escape fatally oriented witness events; each of the seven  total species, five bases  associated with the nucleic acids, and two kinds of nucleic acids  are the consequence of separate but  overlapping events occurring within a quickly happening event. Emergences from the same unique energy path and occurring within comparable temporal periods are postulated to possess a quality of mutual familiarity with respect to one another as explanation for processes. The  energy possessing zipper quality of  DNA, RNA strands are postulated to have emerged as dynamic, diversity bearing components with a longer temporal breaking range beyond that of the contemporary cytoplasm that’s acts to separate the cell from its’ even lesser temporal range bearing exterior to produce at the root of the life processes familiarity based perspective dependence as the criteria for the existence of the spaces they occupy.  

   Since the numbers that describe diversity in molecular elements are small (five bases and two species without or without uracil), greater than or equal to one (witnessed to the molecular symmetry of the  uracil molecule) , this account of diversity may be elemental and  a precursor to this situation may not exist. It is possible to speculate that net observed overt diversity evolved to witnessible agents in the biosphere is in the range of very small numbers.  The consequence of the emergence of  physical obstruction at all levels to further punctuate by abbreviation  a maximally  open straight line, or a common  preceding  vast temporal period, to produce familiarity necessary for the intercourse of elements, might be speculated to acquire, in ratio to beginning points, limited and discrete diversity producing temporal increments. Diversity with respect to properties like bilateral symmetry, possession and number of appendages, cognitive and perceptual abilities, means of locomotion, or the entire of nature, despite the great varieties, combinations or complexities observed in nature, in effective comparative study may be very simple to involve in the range of one’s  and two’s, numerical increments to describe  diversities observed throughout the biosphere.

   Evidence that uracil cannot be synthesized  in the laboratory from its symmetrical  halves support notions that it may have a special energy arrangement and path of emergence. Uracil in DNA appears  to be identified and extracted by uracil DNA glycosylase from false placement in DNA,  not by recognition of its structure but by a torque that identifies its’ presence  and  produces a physical distortion of the helix that also appears to fund energetically the excision process (Hopfner et.al., 2000, Parikh et.al, 2000). Maintenance of the cell, in addition to the existence of divides,  appears to be  funded energetically as if it was dictated by obstruction, physical form, shape, rather than by more complex identification processes.

 

     In this model, as in Proclus’ discussion of Euclid, and in all aspects of topics related in discussion to it, the (unwitnessible) conceptual precedes the witnessible physical as a necessary criteria for the understanding and application to nature. A delineation of phenomenon of inside verses outside as they relate to the existence of witness as a function of container and contained, other than the assumed contents of space as time and distance , serves as a road sign in the path of the acquisition of understanding  of processes that  are imagined to have possibly been confusing in Ancient times in which exploration of the world had hardly progressed. Birth and death, imagined to demarcate all path other than the path of the individual, as road signs also , become reversed in order from the first perspective, in perspectives that exceed the range of possible self witness.


 

Conclusion

 

   Path and the knowledge of it are often not so distinct; numerical absolutes, constants amenable to measurement  are not feasibly construed to be parts of nature. The universe is considered as a heterogeneous entity of the containing and contained physical and conceptual, and  its possession of the property of parametric path at all loci.

      A model involving form rather than chains of cause and effect is given. When considered in analogy to the Mathematics of Euclid a striking parallel appears with established molecular mechanisms in genetics;  the addition of a defining motion to the circle based on contemporary elaborated mechanics of energy metabolism to the circle that is confined philosophically to criteria of divisibility and finiteness as an abbreviated infinity, yields a geometry that   resembles visually the rolling along a surface  by finite in size, heterogeneous  molecular complexes and motions involved in the replication, transcription  and translation apparatuses of the cell. Visually accommodated also in the same model are emergence processes related to cultural evolution and the emergence of a much greater variety of cultural traits than composes cellular nucleic acids; cultural evolution occurs  in bigger spaces and is simply a function of available space, inclination and disposition based on learning that is contoured  and evolves according to preceding evolutions of obstruction to path to discrete entities sharing a common temporal element. The acquisition of knowledge,  necessarily  associated with  a continuity of identity and entity-environment interactions, economic aspects,  related to the conversion of acquired conceptual assets to material assets and visa-versa,  are  referred  in discussion to the same model.

      Though the only obvious relation to the empirical in the presented example is to the biological egg, it is argued to be a single, unique, indivisible, hence  sufficient example of the consequence of the application of a motion of construction to the indivisible point, to augment  understanding involving  the  logical containment of concepts of structure and function, of path and knowledge, ‘the circumstance’ within a  broader philosophical realization. Paramount to new  interpretation is an association of form to energy as an addition to current conceptualizations involving the association of energy to form. Dynamically occurring  synergies of energy fatelessly bound to an infiniteness or null of shape and size, with its’ products the witnessible, the unwitnessed, and unwitnessible, are the sources emerged form, evolved concepts and origin of diffuse in nature conceptual ability as a second olfaction;  abbreviated witness as an obstruction of death precludes to  emerged partnerships criteria underlined with numbers, but only criteria underlined with relative shape and size. The interconvertability of energy and matter presupposes a descriptive and numberless familiarity of one with the other;  if matter possesses  form, form is also entailed to energy.  

     Paradox surviving this account, perennially entailing an order to events in the process of achieving self definition, involves the possibility of the destruction of energy, the existence of a universal ground state, and acquisition of zero potential as a consequence of multiple self witness; surviving  accounts is a paradox  involving  the witnessible physical products of temporal unorderability, the chicken and the egg.  It would seem logical to assume that ground potential is relative to location; temporal ordering of location and potential does not seem philosophically feasible, in order for zero potential to exist, location, the product of potential, must also exist. The possibility cannot be excluded  of a caused loss of diversity to the distributions of  heat energy as the result of application originating from confused conceptualization of road signs with the road itself, false direction that arises from falsely construed elements of containment, the contained verses the container.  The possibility exists that human activities can cause naturally arrived factors of proximity to be reduced from original naturally found temporal differentials that consequent the amounts of energy contained to form; to abbreviate planarly based on planar abstraction, an apriorily abbreviated infinity.

     It is shape rendered from the emergence of obstruction to path as a necessity for existence that is the consequence of natural seeking. A focus is suggested that is oriented away from accounts involving sensual, perceptual witness that entails temporal chains of cause and effect, towards the elaboration of physical shape as it relates to the spaces of life and the environment.


 

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Figure 1   An oval template for the generation of the egg from a simple

                geometry of motion of fast and slow radiation  The egg (Figure 2) is

                evolved from a linear motion (v)  from which light (c) is projected

                simultaneously in the x-y and x-z planes.

 

  

 

Figure 2  Three Dimensional Plot of the  Shape of space is Egg Shaped.

                E/m=  Velocity^2/2 + Light Velocity^2 (C (Speed of light) is applied as a

                            variable

                                 R(a)Sin @ = Velocity       R(a) Cos @ = Velocity of light                                                                    

                                 Radius/Radius(a) = [[(sin theta)+2 (Cos theta)]^2 + (2 Cos phi)^2]^1/2

                                 Pi < Theta,  Phi  < pi + 1 * 10^17

 

    

     

 

    

 

Figure 3 Symbolism of the Concept as a Mirror

 The figure ‘8’ is meant to represent a mobius strip, a continuous surface in which inside and outside are inverted and is meant as a partial representation occurred during the progression of  path, the small darkened line along the figure is meant to represent arc length as it is involved in the priority ordering of concepts, an inverse relationship with respect to arc length as it bears on conceptual priority. ‘The concept’ as a difference state  is proposed to reflect dynamic differences in the energy metabolism of spaces.